The Effect of Oral Simethicone in a Bowel Preparation in a Colorectal Cancer Screening Colonoscopy Setting: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Introduction: Current guidelines suggest adding oral simethicone to bowel preparation for colonoscopy. However, its effect on key quality indicators for screening colonoscopy remains unclear. The primary aim was to assess the rate of adequate bowel preparation in split-dose high-volume polyethylene glycol (PEG), with or without simethicone. Methods: This is an endoscopist-blinded, randomized controlled trial, including patients scheduled for colonoscopy after a positive faecal immunochemical test. Patients were randomly assigned to 4 L of PEG split dose (PEG) or 4 L of PEG split dose plus 500 mg oral simethicone (PEG + simethicone). The Boston Bowel Preparation Scale (BBPS) score, the preparation quality regarding bubbles using the Colon Endoscopic Bubble Scale (CEBuS), ADR, CIR, and the intraprocedural use of simethicone were recorded. Results: We included 191 and 197 patients in the PEG + simethicone group and the PEG group, respectively. When comparing the PEG + simethicone group versus the PEG group, no significant differences in adequate bowel preparation rates (97% vs. 93%; p = 0.11) were found. However, the bubble scale score was significantly lower in the PEG + simethicone group (0 [0] versus 2 [5], p < 0.01), as well as intraprocedural use of simethicone (7% vs. 37%; p < 0.01). ADR (62% vs. 61%; p = 0.86) and CIR (98% vs. 96%, p = 0.14) did not differ between both groups. Conclusion: Adding oral simethicone to a split-bowel preparation resulted in a lower incidence of bubbles and a lower intraprocedural use of simethicone but no further improvement on the preparation quality or ADR.

Introdução: As normas de orientação atuais sugerem a adição de simeticone oral à preparação intestinal para colonoscopia. Contudo, o seu efeito nos indicadores de qualidade no âmbito da colonoscopia de rastreio não está comprovado. O objetivo principal foi avaliar a taxa de preparação adequada usando polietilenoglicol (PEG) em dose dividida com e sem simeticone oral. Métodos: Estudo randomizado controlado, cego para o endoscopista, incluindo doentes admitidos para colonoscopia após teste fecal imunoquímico positivo. Os doentes foram aleatoriamente alocados para 4 litros de PEG em dose dividida (PEG) ou 4 litros de PEG em dose divida + simeticone oral (PEG + simeticone). Foram avaliados: Boston Bowel Preparation Scale (BBPS), qualidade da preparação relativa às bolhas através da Colon Endoscopic Bubble Scale (CEBuS) scale, ADR, CIR e uso de simeticone durante o procedimento. Resultados: Foram incluídos 191 e 197 doentes nos grupos PEG + simeticone e PEG, respetivamente. Comparando os grupos PEG + simeticone versus PEG, não se registaram diferenças de significado estatístico relativamente à taxa de preparação intestinal adequada (97% vs. 93%; p = 0,01) mas o score da escala de bolhas foi significativamente inferior no grupo PEG + simeticone [0 (0) versus 2 (5), p < 0.01], assim como o uso de simeticone durante o procedimento (7% vs. 37%; p < 0,01). A ADR (62% vs. 61%; p = 0,86) e a CIR (98% vs. 96%, p = 0,14) não diferiram significativamente entre os dois grupos, respetivamente. Discussão/Conclusão: Adicionar simeticone oral à preparação intestinal em dose dividida permitiu menor incidência de bolhas e menor utilização de simeticone durante o procedimento, mas não se associa a melhor preparação intestinal ou melhor ADR.

Cap-Assisted Endoscopic Mucosal Resection for Rectal Neuroendocrine Tumors: An Effective Option.

Introduction: The incidence of rectal neuroendocrine tumors (r-NETs) is increasing, and most small r-NETs can be treated endoscopically. The optimal endoscopic approach is still debatable. Conventional endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) leads to frequent incomplete resection. Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) allows higher complete resection rates but is also associated with higher complication rates. According to some studies, cap-assisted EMR (EMR-C) is an effective and safe alternative for endoscopic resection of r-NETs. Aims: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of EMR-C for r-NETs ≤10 mm without muscularis propria invasion or lymphovascular infiltration. Methods: Single-center prospective study including consecutive patients with r-NETs ≤10 mm without muscularis propria invasion or lymphovascular invasion confirmed by endoscopic ultrasound (EUS), submitted to EMR-C between January 2017 and September 2021. Demographic, endoscopic, histopathologic, and follow-up data were retrieved from medical records. Results: A total of 13 patients (male: 54%; n = 7) with a median age of 64 (interquartile range: 54-76) years were included. Most lesions were located at the lower rectum (69.2%, n = 9), and median lesion size was 6 (interquartile range: 4.5-7.5) mm. On EUS evaluation, 69.2% (n = 9) of tumors were limited to muscularis mucosa. EUS accuracy for the depth of invasion was 84.6%. We found a strong correlation between size measurements by histology and EUS (r = 0.83, p < 0.01). Overall, 15.4% (n = 2) were recurrent r-NETs and had been pretreated by conventional EMR. Resection was histologically complete in 92% (n = 12) of cases. Histologic analysis revealed grade 1 tumor in 76.9% (n = 10) of cases. Ki-67 index was inferior to 3% in 84.6% (n = 11) of cases. The median procedure time was 5 (interquartile range: 4-8) min. Only 1 case of intraprocedural bleeding was reported and was successfully controlled endoscopically. Follow-up was available in 92% (n = 12) of cases with a median follow-up of 6 (interquartile range: 12-24) months with no evidence of residual or recurrent lesion on endoscopic or EUS evaluation. Conclusion: EMR-C is fast, safe, and effective for resection of small r-NETs without high-risk features. EUS accurately assesses risk factors. Prospective comparative trials are needed to define the best endoscopic approach.

Introdução: Os tumores neuroendócrinos do reto (r-NETs) apresentam incidência crescente. A maioria dos tumores de pequenas dimensões pode ser excisada endoscopicamente, no entanto, a abordagem ótima é controversa. A mucosectomia convencional associa-se, frequentemente, a resseção endoscópica incompleta. A disseção endoscópica submucosa (ESD) permite elevadas taxas de resseção completa, mas é tecnicamente complexa e associa-se a maior número de complicações. Alguns estudos sugerem a mucosectomia assistida por cap (EMR-C) como uma alternativa eficaz e segura. Objetivo: Este estudo pretendeu avaliar a eficácia e segurança da mucosectomia com cap na resseção de r-NETs com dimensões ≤10 mm, sem invasão da muscularis própria nem infiltração linfovascular. Material e Métodos: Estudo prospetivo unicêntrico incluindo consecutivamente r-NETs com ≤10 mm, sem invasão da muscularis própria ou linfovascular confirmada em ultrassonografia endoscópica (EUS), submetidos a mucosectomia assistida cap entre janeiro de 2017 e setembro de 2021. Colheita de dados demográficos, clínicos e histopatológicos através de registos médicos eletrónicos. Resultados: Incluídos 13 doentes (género masculino: 54%; n = 7) com idade mediana de 64 (intervalo interquartil [IIQ]: 54­76) anos. A maioria das lesões localizava-se no reto inferior (69.2%; n = 9) e apresentava tamanho mediano de 6 (IIQ: 4.5­7.5) mm. Na avaliação por EUS, 69.2% (n = 9) encontravam-se limitados à muscularis mucosa. A acuidade da EUS na avaliação do envolvimento das camadas da parede retal foi de 84.6% e o tamanho avaliado por EUS correlacionou-se fortemente com o medido na histologia (r = 0.83, p < 0.01). Dois casos (15.4%) corresponderam a recorrências de mucosectomias convencionais prévias. A resseção foi macroscópica e histologicamente completa em 92% (n = 12) dos casos. A análise histológica revelou 76.9% (n = 10) tumores de grau 1. O índice Ki-67 foi inferior a 3% em 84.6% (n = 11) dos casos. O tempo mediano de procedimento foi 5 (IIQ: 4­8) minutos. Verificou-se apenas um caso de hemorragia intraprocedimento resolvida endoscopicamente. O seguimento de 92% dos casos (n = 12) com mediana de 6 (IIQ:12­24) meses não revelou lesão residual ou recorrência em avaliações endoscópica e ultrassonográfica. Discussão/Conclusão: A EMR-C é uma técnica endoscópica segura, rápida e efetiva para a resseção de r-TNEs pequenos sem fatores de alto risco. A EUS apresenta elevada acuidade na avaliação dos fatores de risco. Estudos comparativos prospetivos são necessários para estabelecimento da abordagem endoscópica mais profícua.

Can white-light endoscopy or narrow-band imaging avoid biopsy of colorectal endoscopic mucosal resection scars? A multicenter randomized single-blind crossover trial.

BACKGROUND : Current guidelines suggest that routine biopsy of post-endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) scars can be abandoned, provided that a standardized imaging protocol with virtual chromoendoscopy is used. However, few studies have examined the accuracy of advanced endoscopic imaging, such as narrow-band imaging (NBI) vs. white-light endoscopy (WLE) for prediction of histological recurrence. We aimed to assess whether NBI accuracy is superior to that of WLE and whether one or both techniques can replace biopsies. METHODS : The study was a multicenter, randomized, pathologist-blind, crossover trial, with consecutive patients undergoing first colonoscopy after EMR of lesions ≥ 20 mm. Computer-generated randomization and opaque envelope concealed allocation. Patients were randomly assigned to scar examination with NBI followed by WLE (NBI + WLE), or WLE followed by NBI (WLE + NBI). Histology was the reference method, with biopsies being performed for all tissues. RESULTS : The study included 203 scars (103 in the NBI + WLE group, 100 in the WLE + NBI group). Recurrence was confirmed histologically in 29.6 % of the scars. The diagnostic accuracy of NBI was not statistically different from that of WLE (95 % [95 %CI 92 %-98 %] vs. 94 % [95 %CI 90 %-97 %]; P = 0.48). The negative predictive values (NPVs) were 96 % (95 %CI 93 %-99 %) for NBI and 93 % (95 %CI 89 %-97 %) for WLE (P = 0.06). CONCLUSIONS : The accuracy of NBI for the diagnosis of recurrence was not superior to that of WLE. Endoscopic assessment of EMR scars with WLE and NBI achieved an NPV that would allow routine biopsy to be avoided in cases of negative optical diagnosis.

Vaginal lesion as first manifestation of colorectal disease.

A 73-year-old woman presented at Gyneacology Consultation with vaginal sensation of a lump. Physical examination revealed a vaginal exophytic lesion with 3 cm located at the right inner lip. The lesion was biopsied and histologic examination revealed infiltration by a mucinous adenocarcinoma. Immunohistochemical study suggested the diagnosis of colorectal aetiology. A subsequent colonoscopy demonstrated an ulcerated circumferential lesion at 8 cm from the anal verge Additional staging examinations revealed pulmonary metastasis and the patient was diagnosed with colorectal cancer stage IV. She was evaluated for chemotherapy and radiotherapy. We present an exceedingly rare case of true vaginal metastasis identified before the diagnosis of colorectal primary lesion.

Duodenal variceal bleeding as a presentation of hepatocellular carcinoma

A 79-year-old man with alcoholic liver cirrhosis without regular medical follow-up, presented at the emergency room with hematemesis. An upper endoscopy revealed a varix at the anterior wall of bulb with a red wale sign, indicating recent bleeding. An injection N-butyl-2 cyanoacrylate plus metacryloxisulfolane was successfully performed. The abdominal computed tomography angiography scan revealed a 29x26-mm nodule consistent with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), tumoral portal vein thrombosis (and communicating collateral from the superior mesenteric vein feeding the duodenal varix with no splenorenal shunt. After endoscopic therapy, the patient remained asymptomatic without rebleeding. Given HCC stage D (Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer), after multidisciplinary discussion, the patient was evaluated for best supportive care. Ectopic varices are clinically challenging causes of portal hypertensive bleeding associated with significant mortality, requiring a high index of suspicion and multimodal diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. The management includes endoscopic therapy, interventional radiology techniques (TIPS with variceal embolization, balloon occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration and percutaneous transhepatic obliteration) or surgery. The best endoscopic treatment modality remains unclear because there are no studies directly comparing the different endoscopic techniques. In setting of ectopic varices, abdominal imaging is mandatory to exclude splanchnic vein thrombosis, HCC and to map portosystemic collaterals to guide further treatments. (AU)

Severe acute autoimmune hepatitis: How to early predict who will not respond to corticosteroids and needs urgent liver transplantation?

BACKROUND: In acute severe autoimmune hepatitis (AS-AIH), the early identification of predictors of non-response to corticosteroids and the optimal timing for liver transplantation (LT) remains controversial. AIMS: To determine early predictors of non-response to corticosteroids and to assess the usefulness of severity scores, namely the recently developed SURFASA. METHODS: Retrospective multicentre cohort study including consecutive patients admitted for AS-AIH between 2016 and 2020. Definitions- response to corticosteroids: LT-free survival at 90 days (D90); SURFASA score: -6.8 + 1.92x(D0-INR)+1.94xINR[(D3-D0)/D0]+1.64xbilirubin[(D3-D0)/D0]. RESULTS: We included 26 patients [median age 56 (45-69) years; 22 (84.6%) women]. All patients underwent corticosteroid therapy. Overall survival reached 73%. amongst the non-responders, 2 (7.8%) underwent LT and 5 (19.2%) died. The interval between admission and initiation of corticosteroids was not different between responders and non- responders [13 (7-23) vs. 8 (3-10), P:0.06], respectively. SURFASA and MELD-Na+ (D3) scores showed an AUROC of 0.96 (0.87-1) and 0.92 (0.82-0.99), respectively, for prediction of non-response. SURFASA >-2.5 had a sensitivity of 85.7% and a specificity of 100% and MELD-Na+ (D3) >26 had sensitivity of 85.7% and a specificity of 78% for the prediction of non-response. CONCLUSIONS: SURFASA and MELD-Na+ at D3 scores are useful in early identification of non-responders to corticosteroids.

Duodenal variceal bleeding as a presentation of hepatocellular carcinoma.

A 79-year-old man with alcoholic liver cirrhosis without regular medical follow-up, presented at the emergency room with hematemesis. An upper endoscopy revealed a varix at the anterior wall of bulb with a red wale sign, indicating recent bleeding. An injection N-butyl-2 cyanoacrylate plus metacryloxisulfolane was successfully performed. The abdominal computed tomography angiography scan revealed a 29x26-mm nodule consistent with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), tumoral portal vein thrombosis (and communicating collateral from the superior mesenteric vein feeding the duodenal varix with no splenorenal shunt. After endoscopic therapy, the patient remained asymptomatic without rebleeding. Given HCC stage D (Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer), after multidisciplinary discussion, the patient was evaluated for best supportive care. Ectopic varices are clinically challenging causes of portal hypertensive bleeding associated with significant mortality, requiring a high index of suspicion and multimodal diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. The management includes endoscopic therapy, interventional radiology techniques (TIPS with variceal embolization, balloon occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration and percutaneous transhepatic obliteration) or surgery. The best endoscopic treatment modality remains unclear because there are no studies directly comparing the different endoscopic techniques. In setting of ectopic varices, abdominal imaging is mandatory to exclude splanchnic vein thrombosis, HCC and to map portosystemic collaterals to guide further treatments.

Hemobilia due to porto-biliary fistula complicating endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography after a recent liver transplantation.

A 60-year-old woman with autoimmune hepatitis submitted to liver transplantation presented with a biliary anastomotic stenosis. An endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) was complicated with a porto-biliary fistula due to the misplacement of a biliary stent. After multidisciplinary discussion, and the stent was endoscopically removed while a percutaneous transhepatic fully-covered self-expanded metal stent was placed in portal vein. Iatrogenic porto-biliary fistula following biliary stent placement is a rare and potentially life-threatening ERCP complication. In a suspected stent-related portal vein injury, this multidisciplinary strategy combining gastroenterology and radiology proved to be an effective and safe minimally invasive technique avoiding catastrophic consequences.

An Atypical Presentation of a Colonic Lipoma: Avoiding Surgery with a Deeper Endoscopic Look.

INTRODUCTION: Colonic lipomas are common mesenchymal tumours. They are usually asymptomatic and incidentally diagnosed during endoscopic or radiological examinations. Taking into account their typical endoscopic and radiological features and benign nature, tissue sampling, resection or follow-up are generally not required. CASE REPORT: A 61-year-old woman with poor surgical fitness presented with colonic subocclusion and lower gastrointestinal bleeding. A colonoscopy performed 1 month earlier showed a large polypoid lesion with necrotic and ulcerated areas occupying the lumen of the proximal ascending colon with inconclusive histology. An abdominopelvic computed tomography scan with intravenous contrast was done revealing a cecal-colonic intussusception of a heterogeneous mass. The patient was successfully managed conservatively. A delayed revision colonoscopy showed a significantly smaller atypical subepithelial lesion with no necrosis or ulceration. A single, large and deep incision with a pre-cut needle-knife® allowed the direct collection of lesion tissue using standard biopsy forceps through the so-called single-incision needle-knife® (SINK) biopsy technique. Histological examination was compatible with submucosal lipoma. After 18 months of follow-up, the patient remains asymptomatic. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION: Colonic lipoma complications are rare and can lead to misdiagnosis; in general, they are surgically managed. A conservative approach and a minimally invasive endoscopic procedure allowed a definite diagnosis avoiding the morbidity and mortality of a major surgical intervention in a high-risk patient.

INTRODUÇÃO: Os lipomas do cólon são tumores mesenquimatosos comuns. Frequentemente são assintomáticos e diagnosticados, incidentalmente, em exames endoscópicos e imagiológicos. O diagnóstico histológico, resseção e vigilância não costumam ser necessários devido aos achados endoscópicos e imagiológicos típicos e à sua natureza benigna. CASO CLÍNICO: Uma mulher de 61 anos com contraindicação relativa para cirurgia abdominal recorreu ao serviço de urgência por quadro clínico de suboclusão intestinal e hemorragia digestiva baixa. A colonoscopia, realizada um mês antes, demonstrava uma lesão polipoide com área de necrose e ulceração a ocupar o lúmen do cólon ascendente proximal, com estudo histológico inconclusivo. Foi efetuada uma tomografia computorizada abdominopélvica com contraste intravenoso que revelou uma invaginação ceco-cólica de uma massa heterogénea.Optou-se por uma abordagem conservadora com remissão clínica. A colonoscopia de revisão diferida mostrou, na mesma localização, uma lesão subepitelial de menores dimensões, atípica, sem ulceração ou necrose. Com uma faca-agulha de pré-corte foi efetuada uma incisão única e profunda que permitiu a colheita direta de material usando uma pinça de biopsias standard através da técnica denominada biopsia por faca-agulha de précorte de incisão única. A análise histológica foi compatível com lipoma submucoso. Cerca de 18 meses após o episódio a doente permanece assintomática. DISCUSSÃO/CONCLUSÃO: As complicações do lipoma do cólon são raras e podem levar a um diagnóstico erróneo, geralmente tratado cirurgicamente. Uma abordagem conservadora inicial e um procedimento endoscópico minimamente invasivo permitiram o diagnóstico definitivo, evitando a morbilidade e mortalidade associadas a uma intervenção cirúrgica major numa doente de alto risco.

An unexpected location for a metastasis from esophageal squamous carcinoma.

We report the case of a 69-year-old male with a relevant alcohol consumption and a history of prostate cancer who underwent screening upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and colonoscopy. The upper gastrointestinal endoscopy revealed an ulcerated mass in the middle esophagus occupying half the circumference. Histologic examination was compatible with a squamous cell carcinoma. Staging with endoscopic ultrasound and computed tomography of the neck, chest and abdomen was consistent with a T3N1M0.

Gastric Hyperplastic Polyps: A Benign Entity? Analysis of Recurrence and Neoplastic Transformation in a Cohort Study.

INTRODUCTION: Hyperplastic polyps represent 30-93% of all gastric epithelial polyps. They are generally detected as innocuous incidental findings; however, they have a risk of neoplastic transformation and recurrence. Frequency and risk factors for neoplastic transformation and recurrence are not well established and are fields of ongoing interest. This study aims to evaluate the frequency of and identify the risk factors for recurrence and neoplastic change of gastric hyperplastic polyps (GHP). METHODS: A single-centre retrospective cohort study including consecutive patients who underwent endoscopic resection of GHP from January 2009 to June 2020. Demographic, endoscopic, and histopathologic data was retrieved from the electronic medical records. RESULTS: A total of 195 patients were included (56% women; median age 67 [35-87] years). The median size of GHP was 10 (3-50) mm, 62% (n = 120) were sessile, 61% (n = 119) were located in the antrum, and 36% (n = 71) had synchronous lesions. Recurrence rate after endoscopic resection was 23% (n = 26). In multivariate analysis, antrum location was the only risk factor for recurrence (odds ratio [OR] 3.0; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1-8.1). Overall, 5.1% (n = 10) GHP showed neoplastic transformation, with low-grade dysplasia in 5, high-grade dysplasia in 4, and adenocarcinoma in 1. In multivariate analysis, a size >25 mm (OR 84; 95% CI 7.4-954) and the presence of intestinal metaplasia (OR 7.6; 95% CI 1.0-55) and dysplasia (OR 86; 95% CI 10-741) in adjacent mucosa were associated with an increased risk of neoplastic transformation. Recurrence was not associated with neoplastic transformation (OR 1.1; 95% CI 0.2-5.9). DISCUSSION: Our results confirmed the risk of recurrence and neoplastic transformation of GHP. Antrum location was a predictor of recurrence. The risk of neoplastic change was increased in large lesions and with intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia in adjacent mucosa. More frequent endoscopic surveillance may be required in these subgroups of GHP.

INTRODUÇÃO E OBJETIVOS: Os pólipos hiperplásicos constituem 30­93% das lesões gástricas epiteliais benignas. Apresentam-se frequentemente como achados endoscópicos incidentais inocuos, no entanto, apresentam risco de recorrência e transformação neoplásica. A frequência e fatores associados à recorrência e transformação neoplásica não estão bem estabelecidos e são áreas de interesse crescente. Este estudo pretende avaliar a frequência e identificar fatores associados à recorrência e transformado maligna dos pólipos gástricos hiperplásicos (PGH). MÉTODOS: Estudo de coorte retrospectivo unicèntrico incluindo consecutivamente doentes com PGH submetidos a ressedo endoscópica entre janeiro de 2009 e junho de 2020. Efetuada análise das características demográficas, endoscópicas e anatomopatológicas através dos registos clínicos eletrónicos. SUMARIOS DOS RESULTADOS: Incluídos 195 doentes género feminino: 56%, idade mediana: 67 (35­87) anos. Os pólipos apresentavam tamanho mediano de 10 (3­50) mm, 61.5% (n = 120) eram sésseis, 61% (n = 119) apresentavam localização antral e 36% (n = 71) tinham lesões síncronas. A frequência de recorrência foi 23% (n = 26). Na análise multivariada, apenas a localização no antro se associou significativamente a recorrência odds ratio (OR): 3.0; intervalo de confiança (IC) 95%: 1.1­8.1). Em 5.1% (n = 10) dos casos verificou-se transformação neoplásica, correspondendo a 5 casos de displasia de baixo grau, 4 casos de displasia de alto grau e 1 caso de carcinoma. Na análise multivariada, dimensão superior a 25 mm (OR: 84; IC95%: 7.4­954), presença de metaplasia (OR: 7.6; IC95%: 1.0­55) e displasia (OR: 86; IC95%: 10­741) na mucosa adjacente associaram-se a transformação neoplásica. A recorrência não se associou a transformação neoplásica (OR: 1.1; IC95%: 0.2­5.9). DISCUSSÃO/CONCLUSÃO: Estes resultados corroboraram os riscos de recorrência e transformado neoplásica associados aos PGH. A localização antral foi preditor de recorrência. O risco de transformado neoplásica foi superior em lesões maiores e coexistência de metaplasia e displasia na mucosa adjacente. Poderá justificar-se uma estratégia de vigilancia mais frequente nestes subgrupos.

Lymphoma presented as dysphagia: a diagnosis hard to swallow.

An 18-year-old woman presented with progressive oesophageal dysphagia, weight loss and night sweats over a 6-month period. Oesophagogastroduodenoscopy revealed a diffuse luminal narrowing with normal mucosa, whose biopsies were inconclusive. A cervical and thoracic CT scan showed a thickening of the upper oesophagus, densification of the mediastinal fat, several adenopathies and a 4.3×2.4 cm mass with infiltrative appearance and heterogeneous enhancement in right cervical paravertebral location. Positron emission tomography-CT showed marked increased fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in supradiaphragmatic lymph nodes, pleuropulmonary tissue, paraspinal musculature and bone marrow. Imaging-guided and surgical incisional biopsies of the paravertebral mass were inconclusive. During hospitalisation, she developed right cervicobrachial paraesthesia. Only excisional biopsy of the mass allowed the diagnosis of high-grade B-cell lymphoma not otherwise specified, Ann Arbor stage IV-B. The patient underwent chemotherapy with R-CHOP (rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisolone), followed by R-EPOCH (rituximab, etoposide, prednisone, vincristine, cyclophosphamide and doxorubicin hydrochloride). Follow-up at 12 months revealed complete response.

Cholangiohydatidosis: an uncommon cause of acute cholangitis

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Cholangiohydatidosis: an uncommon cause of acute cholangitis.

Cholangitis is a common clinical entity. Cholangitis from hydatid disease is far less common. We present a case of acute cholangitis caused by cystobiliary communications in a patient with disseminated hydatidosis. Treatment in such cases is usually by a combined endoscopic and surgical approach. In this case, surgery was contraindicated and endoscopic cholangiopancreatography provided the last source for adequate biliary drainage.